（五）、作状语（不定式和分词作状语的区别）：

1. 作状语的种类不同：

 不定式多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语；分词多作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随和结果状语。注意：某些表示喜怒哀乐的形容词在句中作表语时，其后面常常用不定式作原因状语，其余时间多用分词作原因状语。不定式作结果状语时，表示出乎意料之外的结果；而分词作结果状语时，表示意料之中的结果。在带有enough或too得句子里，常用不定式作程度状语。

如：She swept to hear the bad news.    I’m very glad to hear the good news.      Having been late for class，he says sorry to his teacher.    （作原因状语）    He tried his best to arrive there only to find some waste paper.    He died，leaving his wife alone.（作结果状语）   He is old enough to go to school.   She is too tired to do the job.

 2. 不定式作状语（多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语）：

（1）作目的状语（可以放在句首或句中，在句中作目的状语时一般不用逗号隔开）：

He stopped to have a rest.=To have a rest，he stopped.

 注意：in order to和so as to后面都可以接不定式作目的状语，但in order to可以放在句首或句中，而so as to则只能放在句中。如：In order to catch the first bus，he got up early.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.

 （2）作结果/程度状语：

  作结果状语时为意料之外的结果。

不定式作结果/程度状语常见的五种搭配：so...as to do...，such....as to do...，enough（...）to do...，too...to do...（程度状语）；only to do...（结果状语）。

如：Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police.   It is such a good book for me as to read it three times.     He is old enough to go to school.    She is too young to go to school.    He broke into the room，only to find an empty box.（结果状语，意料之外）       

（3）作原因状语：

不定式作原因状语与作目的状语的区别在于：前者表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作，而后者后于谓语动词所表示的动作；同时不定式作目的状语时，可以在不定式前面加上in order或so as，而不定式作原因状语时则不能，并且当句中表语为喜怒哀乐的形容词时，其后面才用不定式作原因状语。

如：She swept to obtain sympathy.（作目的状语）   She swept to hear the bad news.（作原因状语）

I’m pleased to meet you.（作原因状语）

3. 分词作状语（多作时间、条件、原因、方式和伴随状语，可以用相应的状语从句来代替）：

（1）作时间状语。

如：Walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.=When（I was） walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.    While/When waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.=While/When he was waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.    Having finished his homework，the boy went out.=After he had finished his homework，the boy went out.    Taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.=After we had been taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.

（2）作条件状语。

如：Walking ahead，you will see a white house.=If you walk ahead，you will see a white house.   Given another chance，I can do it better.=If I had been given another chance，I can do it better.

注意：当分词作时间状语和条件状语时，有时可以根据需要在分词前面加上相应的表时间和条件的引导词when, while, before, after, if等, 还可以变成相应的时间和条件状语从句（见上面（1）、（2））。

（3）作原因状语。

如：Being ill，he didn’t go to school.=As he was ill，he didn’t go to school.     

Tired out，they stopped to have a rest.=Because they were tired out，they stopped to have a rest.

（4）作方式、伴随状语：

如：He sat on the sofa，watching TV.=He sat on the sofa and watched TV.     Laughing and talking，they went into the classroom.=They laughed，talked and went into the classroom.      He stood leaning against the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall.

  注意：①、作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是主语发出的一个动作或是与谓语动作（或状态）同时发生（不可能发生在之前），或是对谓语动词所表示的动作（或状态）作进一步的补充说明，所以一般不用现在分词完成式、过去分词作伴随状语，只用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语。

②、分词作伴随状语时，若表示“正在被......”的概念，常常用过去分词，而不用现在分词的被动式。如：Being followed by some officials，he went out.（×）----Followed by some officials，he went out.（√）

（5）作结果状语（意料之中的结果）。

如：Her mother died in 1990，leaving her with her younger brother.=Her mother died in 1990，and left her and her younger brother.     The song is sung all over the country，making it the most popular song.=The song is sung all over the country，and made it the most popular song.

附：

1. 不定式作表语形容词的状语

两种搭配类型：（1）、当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式既可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词。如：They were eager to know everything about China.   I am sorry to keep you waiting.

（2）、当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式必须是及物动词或“不及物动词 + 介词”，并且不定式常用主动形式。如：This question is difficult to answer.    The chair is very comfortable to sit on.

注意：形容词easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good等形容词后面接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。

English is easy to learn.英语容易学。

The book is very hard to understand.这本书很难理解。

2. 分词作状语的注意点：

（1）、分词作状语时，可以变成相应的状语从句，注意时态的变化。

如：Having heard the news，he jumped with joy.=After he had heard the news，he jumped with joy.    Walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.=When I was walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.    While waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.=While he was waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.   

Encouraged by her teacher，she studied even harder.=Because she was encouraged by her teacher，she studied even harder.

（2）、分词作状语时，常常与句子的主语和谓语存在着一定的联系。

现在分词一般式作状语时，与句子的主语和谓语是一种主动、进行关系；现在分词一般式被动式作状语时，与句子的主语和谓语是一种被动、进行关系；现在分词的完成式作状语，与句子的主语和谓语是一种主动、完成关系；现在分词的完成被动式作状语，与句子主语和谓语是一种被动、完成关系（特别强调分词动作先于谓语动作发生，并且有一定的时间间隔）；过去分词作状语时，与句子的主语和谓语是一种要么仅表被动、要么仅表完成或者既表被动又表完成的关系。

如：Waiting for the bus/While waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily. （主动、进行关系）

Being heated, the water gets hot. （被动、进行关系）    Having graduated from Beijing University, he went out for a job. （主动、完成关系）    Having been built for half a year, the building became our library. （被动、完成关系）    

Seen from the hill, our school looks beautiful. (seen仅表被动)     Fallen from the tree, the leaves became dry. （fallen仅表完成）     Encouraged by his mother, he studies even harder. （encouraged既表被动又表完成）

（3）、分词作状语时，当分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，分词需要有自己的主语，从而构成分词的独立主格结构。

如：The meeting being over，we all left the room. （注意区别并列句The meeting was over，and we all left the room.）    Weather permitting，they will go and visit the zoo.

（4）、现在分词的完成式表示动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语，不作条件、方式或伴随状语。       

（5）、某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，而且往往用于一些系表结构中，这些过去分词作状语时，既不表被动又不表完成，只表示一种状态，如: lost, seated, tired of, lost/absorbed in, dressed in等。

如：Lost in his book, he didn’t notice me enter the room.     Dressed in red, she went out.

现在分词作状语的经典题析

The secretary worked late into the night，  B  a long speech for the president.   A、to prepare    B、preparing    C、prepared    D、was preparing    此题考查了现在分词作伴随状语的情况，不能选A，原因是不定式作目的状语放在句子后面时，其前面不可以加逗号。

The secretary worked late into the night，and  C  a long speech for the president.   A、to prepare    B、preparing    C、prepared    D、was preparing    此题考查了动词并列作谓语的情况。

European football is played in 80 countries，  A  it the most popular sport in the world.  A、making    B、makes    C、made    D、to make    此题考查了现在分词作结果状语。

“Can't you read？”Mary said  A   to the notice.  A、angrily pointing    B、and point angrily    C、angrily pointed    D、and angrily pointing   此题考查了现在分词作伴随状语。