(三)、作表语(不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别): 1. 作表语时各自所表示动作的具体含义不同: 不定式作表语表示具体的、一次性的动作;动名词作表语相当于名词,说明主语的性质和具体内容,表示经常性、习惯性的动作或抽象性的概念,主语表语常常可以互换;分词作表语相当于形容词,说明主语的性质、特征或状态,其逻辑主语是句子的主语(一般情况下,当主语是人时,用过去分词作表语;当主语是物时,用现在分词作表语)。 如:My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden. My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job. Chinese is interesting,so Lucy is interested in Chinese 注意:当人作主语时,常用过去分词作主语,但也可以用现在分词作表语,此时他们的意义有所不同。如:He is frightened.(他感到害怕。) He is frightening.(他让人/令人感到害怕。) 2. 注意主语和表语的一致性: 当主语为动名词时,表语也用动名词;当主语为不定式时,表语也用不定式。 如:Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 附: 1. 如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含有do,那么作表语的不定式可以省去to。 如:The only thing he could do was(to)tell the truth. 2. 分词作表语要注意和进行时态、系表结构区别开来: 现在分词作表语表示状态或特征,可以用very修饰;而进行时态表示正在进行的动作,不能用very修饰。过去分词作表语时也要注意和被动语态区别开来:过去分词作表语时相当于形容词,表示主语的性质、状态或特征;而被动语态则表示被动的动作。 如:His speech is very encouraging. Her praise is encouraging us to work harder. The novel is well written. The novel was written by Lu Xun.
(四)、作定语(不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别): 1. 所表动作的时间含义不同: 不定式作定语多表示未来的动作。动名词作定语,常常用来说明被修饰的词的性质、特征和用途,不强调时间性(因为动名词只能用一般主动式作定语)。现在分词的一般主动式作定语,表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作;现在分词的一般被动式作定语,表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作;现在分词的完成式不能作定语;过去分词作定语,表示一种被动的、完成的或被动完成的动作,或没有一定时间性的动作。如:I haven't a pen to write with. a swimming pool,a sleeping car,drinking water The falling leaves are yellow. The fallen leaves are everywhere. 注意:现在分词的被动式和及物动词的过去分词都可以表示被动,但前者表示一个正在进行的被动动作,而后者多表示一个已经完成了的被动动作。 如:The problem being discussed now has something important to do with our everyday life. The problem discussed yesterday has something important to do with our everyday life 2. 所用形式不同: 不定式可以用各种形式作定语,动名词只能用一般主动式作定语(被动式和完成式不能作定语),分词只能用现在分词的一般式和过去分词作定语(现在分词的完成式一般不能作定语,但可以作后置定语)。 3. 位置不同: 不定式作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之后;动名词作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之前(因为动名词只能用一般主动式作定语);单个的分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的词之前(如果强调动感,则要放在后面),分词短语作定语常常放在它所修饰的词后面。 如:There is nothing to worry about. a swimming pool,a sleeping car,drinking water (动名词作定语) boiling water,boiled water I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair. Look!The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.(强调动感) 4. 所指不同: 不定式和分词作定语,用来说明被修饰词的动作,与被修饰词之间有逻辑关系(主谓或动宾关系);动名词作定语,用来说明被修饰词的性质、特征和用途,与被修饰词之间无逻辑关系。 如:the way to do the work, the sleeping car/the swimming pool, falling/fallen leaves 附: 1. 常用不定式作定语的情况: (1) 当名词被the first,the last等序数词、形容词最高级或no,all,any等修饰时,常用不定式的一般式作定语,而不管动作是否已经完成。 如:He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave. He has no right to do it. (2)不定式常用来修饰表示抽象意义的词,常见的有right(权利),ability,chance,answer, belief, reason, reply,attempt,key,way,moment,time, idea, fact, excuse, promise, 等。 如:Could you at least make an attempt to smile,Jim?(吉姆,你起码试着笑一笑,行吗?) Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 2. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常常构成的几种关系。 (1)逻辑主谓关系: 不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成主谓关系。如:He is the first person to come and the last one to leave. 注意:此时不定式常常用主动形式。 (2)逻辑动宾关系: 不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系。如:He has nothing to do. 注意:A、此时要求不定式为及物动词(如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面必须有相应的介词,即“不及物动词 + 介词”);并且不定式常常也用主动形式。 如:He has nothing to do. There is nothing to worry about. The boy cried as he had no children to play games with. There is no room to live in. I haven't a pen to write with. B、不定式修饰名词time,place,way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 如:He had no money and no place to live.(不是no place to live in) C、这种“动词不定式 + 介词”修饰名词/代词,可以转换成“介词 + 关系代词(which,whom)+ 不定式”。如:Jim had only ten yuan to buy a present with.=Jim had only ten yuan with which to buy a present (3)同位关系: 不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成同位关系。 如:His wish to become an artist has never come true 3. 分词作定语时与被修饰词之间的位置详解: 单个的分词作定语时,一般放在它所修饰的词的前面(如果强调动感,单个的分词也要放在后面;同时,如果被修饰的词是every/some/any/nothing/nobody/no one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those时,即使单个分词作定语,也要放在被修饰的词后面),分词短语作定语时,一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。 如:boiling water,boiled water He is the only one of those invited. I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair. Look!The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.(强调动感) 4. 分词作定语时与被修饰词之间的时间关系及主被动关系): 现在分词作定语(指现在分词的一般式),多表示“说话时正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性的”动作,且被修饰的词是现在分词动作逻辑上的执行者;而过去分词作定语,多表示分词动作“先于谓语动作”或“没有一定的时间性”,且被修饰的词是过去分词动作逻辑上的承受者。 如:Do you know the boy lying under the big tree?(表同时或正在进行) The man selling vegetables has gone.(表经常) The book borrowed from the library returned yesterday.(先于谓语动词所表示的动作) He is a teacher respected by all. (没有一定的时间性) 5. 分词作定语时有两种词性情况: 一种是具有动词的性质,此时分词和它所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系;另一种是分词已经转化成了形容词,不再具有动词特性,此时可以用very修饰,甚至有比较级的变化。 如:falling/fallen leaves developing/developed countries a(more)promising young man(一个有前途的青年,promising已经转化成了形容词) 6. 现在分词的完成式(主动式和被动式)不能作定语(但非限制性后置定语则可以用分词的完成式),若要表达此含义,应分别用定语从句和过去分词代替。 如:The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.(×) ----The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.(√) At last we found the house having been built several years ago. (×)----At last we found the house built several years ago.(√) The old man, having worked for 20 years, is on the way to his motherland.(√)分词完成式作非限制性后置定语
|